Navy Method
Developed by the US Navy, this method uses circumference measurements to estimate body fat. It's one of the most accessible and accurate methods available without specialized equipment. Accuracy: ±3-4%.
Skinfold Method
Uses skinfold calipers to measure subcutaneous fat thickness at specific body sites. More accurate when performed by trained professionals. Accuracy: ±3-5% with proper technique.
BMI Method
Estimates body fat based on BMI, age, and gender using statistical correlations. Quick but less accurate for muscular individuals. Best used as a general screening tool.
Gold Standard Methods
DEXA scan (±1-2%), hydrostatic weighing (±2-3%), and BodPod (±2-4%) are the most accurate methods. These are typically used in research and clinical settings but cost $50-150 per test.
Method Comparison
Navy method is best for general use due to accessibility and good accuracy. Skinfold method is excellent for athletes with proper technique. BMI method is quick but least accurate for individuals with high muscle mass.
Men's Healthy Ranges
Essential Fat: 2-5% (minimum for health)
Athletes: 6-13% (very lean, athletic)
Fitness: 14-17% (fit, healthy)
Average: 18-24% (acceptable health)
Obese: 25%+ (increased health risks)
Women's Healthy Ranges
Essential Fat: 10-13% (minimum for health)
Athletes: 14-20% (very lean, athletic)
Fitness: 21-24% (fit, healthy)
Average: 25-31% (acceptable health)
Obese: 32%+ (increased health risks)
Measurement Timing
Measure at the same time of day, preferably in the morning before eating or drinking. Hydration levels, recent meals, and exercise can affect measurements by 1-3%.
Measurement Technique
Use a flexible measuring tape for circumferences. Keep it snug but not tight against the skin. For skinfolds, pinch the skin and fat away from muscle, then measure with calipers.
Tracking Progress
Measure once per week at most. Body fat changes slowly (0.5-1% per month), so daily measurements aren't meaningful. Focus on trends over 4-6 week periods rather than daily fluctuations.